package JELcodes; ########################################## # # List of JEL codes used to make clasification. # http://www.econlit.org/elclasjn.htm # ########################################## %JEL = ( A => 'General Economics and Teaching', A00 => 'General', A1 => 'General Economic', A10 => 'General', A11 => 'Role of Economics; Role of Economist', A12 => 'Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines', A13 => 'Relation of Economics to Social Values', A14 => 'Sociology of Economics', A19 => 'Other', A2 => 'Teaching of Economics', A20 => 'General', A21 => 'Precollege', A22 => 'Undergraduate', A23 => 'Graduate', A29 => 'Other', B => 'Methodology and History of Economic Thought', B00 => 'General', B1 => 'History of Economic Thought through 1925', B10 => 'General', B11 => 'Preclassical', B12 => 'Classical', B13 => 'Neoclassical through 1925', B14 => 'Socialist; Marxist', B15 => 'Historical; Institutional', B19 => 'Other', B2 => 'History of Economic Thought since 1925', B20 => 'General', B21 => 'Microeconomics', B22 => 'Macroeconomics', B23 => 'Econometrics; Quantitative Studies', B24 => 'Socialist; Marxist', B25 => 'Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary', B29 => 'Other', B3 => 'History of Thought: - Individuals', B30 => 'General', B31 => 'Individuals', B4 => 'Economic Methodology', B40 => 'General', B41 => 'Economic Methodology', B49 => 'Other', C => 'Mathematical and Quantitative Methods', C00 => 'General', C1 => 'Econometric and Statistical Methods: - General', C10 => 'General', C11 => 'Bayesian Analysis', C12 => 'Hypothesis Testing', C13 => 'Estimation', C14 => 'Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods', C15 => 'Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods', C19 => 'Other', C2 => 'Econometric Methods: - Single Equation Models', C20 => 'General', C21 => 'Cross-Sectional Models', C22 => 'Time-Series Models', C23 => 'Models with Panel Data', C24 => 'Truncated and Censored Models', C25 => 'Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models', C29 => 'Other', C3 => 'Econometric Methods: - Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models', C30 => 'General', C31 => 'Cross-Sectional Models', C32 => 'Time-Series Models', C33 => 'Models with Panel Data', C34 => 'Truncated and Censored Models', C35 => 'Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models', C39 => 'Other', C4 => 'Econometric and Statistical Methods: - Special Topics', C40 => 'General', C41 => 'Duration Analysis', C42 => 'Survey Methods', C43 => 'Index Numbers and Aggregation', C44 => 'Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research', C45 => 'Neural Networks and Related Topics', C49 => 'Other', C5 => 'Econometric Modeling', C50 => 'General', C51 => 'Model Construction and Estimation', C52 => 'Model Evaluation and Testing', C53 => 'Forecasting and Other Model Applications', C59 => 'Other', C6 => 'Mathematical Methods and Programming', C60 => 'General', C61 => 'Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis', C62 => 'Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium', C63 => 'Computational Techniques', C67 => 'Input-Output Models', C68 => 'Computable General Equilibrium Models', C69 => 'Other', C7 => 'Game Theory and Bargaining Theory', C70 => 'General', C71 => 'Cooperative Games', C72 => 'Noncooperative Games', C73 => 'Stochastic and Dynamic Games', C78 => 'Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory', C79 => 'Other', C8 => 'Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs', C80 => 'General', C81 => 'Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data', C82 => 'Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data', C87 => 'Econometric Software', C88 => 'Other Computer Software', C89 => 'Other', C9 => 'Design of Experiments', C90 => 'General', C91 => 'Laboratory, Individual Behavior', C92 => 'Laboratory, Group Behavior', C93 => 'Field Experiments', C99 => 'Other', D => 'Microeconomics', D00 => 'General', D1 => 'Household Behavior ', D10 => 'General', D11 => 'Consumer Economics: Theory', D12 => 'Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis', D13 => 'Household Production', D18 => 'Consumer Protection', D19 => 'Other', D2 => 'Production and Organizations', D20 => 'General', D21 => 'Firm Behavior', D23 => 'Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights', D24 => 'Production; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity', D29 => 'Other', D3 => 'Distribution', D30 => 'General', D31 => 'Personal Income and Wealth Distribution', D33 => 'Factor Income Distribution', D39 => 'Other', D4 => 'Market Structure and Pricing', D40 => 'General', D41 => 'Perfect Competition', D42 => 'Monopoly', D43 => 'Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection', D44 => 'Auctions', D45 => 'Rationing; Licensing', D46 => 'Value Theory', D49 => 'Other', D5 => 'General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium', D50 => 'General', D51 => 'Exchange and Production Economies', D52 => 'Incomplete Markets', D57 => 'Input-Output Analysis', D58 => 'Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models', D59 => 'Other', D6 => 'Economic Welfare', D60 => 'General', D61 => 'Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis', D62 => 'Externalities', D63 => 'Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement', D64 => 'Altruism', D69 => 'Other', D7 => 'Analysis of Collective Decision-Making', D70 => 'General', D71 => 'Social Choice; Clubs; Committees', D72 => 'Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior', D73 => 'Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations', D74 => 'Conflict; Conflict Resolution', D78 => 'Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation', D79 => 'Other', D8 => 'Information and Uncertainty', D80 => 'General', D81 => 'Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty', D82 => 'Asymmetric and Private Information', D83 => 'Search, Learning, and Information', D84 => 'Expectations; Speculations', D89 => 'Other', D9 => 'Intertemporal Choice and Growth', D90 => 'General', D91 => 'Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving', D92 => 'Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing', D99 => 'Other', E => 'Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics', E00 => 'General', E1 => 'General Aggregative Models', E10 => 'General', E11 => 'Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary', E12 => 'Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian', E13 => 'Neoclassical', E17 => 'Forecasting and Simulation', E19 => 'Other', E2 => 'Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment', E20 => 'General', E21 => 'Consumption; Saving', E22 => 'Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity', E23 => 'Production', E24 => 'Employment; Unemployment; Wages', E25 => 'Aggregate Factor Income Distribution', E27 => 'Forecasting and Simulation', E29 => 'Other', E3 => 'Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles', E30 => 'General', E31 => 'Price Level; Inflation; Deflation', E32 => 'Business Fluctuations; Cycles', E37 => 'Forecasting and Simulation', E39 => 'Other', E4 => 'Money and Interest Rates', E40 => 'General', E41 => 'Demand for Money', E42 => 'Monetary Standards and Regimes; Government and the,Monetary System', E43 => 'Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates', E44 => 'Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy', E47 => 'Forecasting and Simulation', E49 => 'Other', E5 => 'Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit', E50 => 'General', E51 => 'Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers', E52 => 'Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)', E53 => 'Deposit Insurance', E58 => 'Central Banks and Their Policies', E59 => 'Other', E6 => 'Macroeconomic - Aspects of Public Finance', E60 => 'General', E61 => 'Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination', E62 => 'Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation', E63 => 'Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary or Stabilization Policy', E64 => 'Incomes Policy; Price Policy', E65 => 'Studies of Particular Policy Episodes', E66 => 'General Outlook and Conditions', E69 => 'Other', F => 'International Economics', F00 => '- General', F01 => 'Global Outlook', F02 => 'International Economic Order; Economic Integration: General', F1 => 'Trade', F10 => 'General', F11 => 'Neoclassical Models of Trade', F12 => 'Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies', F13 => 'Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations', F14 => 'Country and Industry Studies of Trade', F15 => 'Economic Integration', F16 => 'Trade and Labor Market Interactions', F17 => 'Trade Forecasting and Simulation', F19 => 'Other', F2 => 'International Factor Movements and International Business', F20 => 'General', F21 => 'International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements', F22 => 'International Migration', F23 => 'Multinational Firms; International Business', F29 => 'Other', F3 => 'International Finance', F30 => 'General', F31 => 'Foreign Exchange', F32 => 'Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements', F33 => 'International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions', F34 => 'International Lending and Debt Problems', F35 => 'Foreign Aid', F36 => 'Financial Aspects of Economic Integration', F39 => 'Other', F4 => 'Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance', F40 => 'General', F41 => 'Open Economy Macroeconomics', F42 => 'International Policy Coordination and Transmission', F43 => 'Economic Growth of Open Economies', F47 => 'Forecasting and Simulation', F49 => 'Other', G => 'Financial Economics', G00 => 'General', G1 => 'General Financial Markets', G10 => 'General', G11 => 'Portfolio Choice', G12 => 'Asset Pricing', G13 => 'Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing', G14 => 'Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies', G15 => 'International Financial Markets', G18 => 'Government Policy and Regulation', G19 => 'Other', G2 => 'Financial Institutions and Services', G20 => 'General', G21 => 'Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages', G22 => 'Insurance; Insurance Companies', G23 => 'Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions', G24 => 'Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage', G28 => 'Government Policy and Regulation', G29 => 'Other', G3 => 'Corporate Finance and Governance', G30 => 'General', G31 => 'Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy', G32 => 'Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure', G33 => 'Bankruptcy; Liquidation', G34 => 'Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests', G35 => 'Payout Policy', G38 => 'Government Policy and Regulation', G39 => 'Other', H => 'Public Economics', H00 => '- General', H1 => 'Structure and Scope of Government', H10 => 'General', H11 => 'Structure and Scope of Government', H19 => 'Other', H2 => 'Taxation and Subsidies', H20 => 'General', H21 => 'Efficiency; Optimal Taxation', H22 => 'Incidence', H23 => 'Externalities; Redistributive Effects', H24 => 'Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes', H25 => 'Business Taxes', H26 => 'Tax Evasion', H29 => 'Other', H3 => 'Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents', H30 => 'General', H31 => 'Household', H32 => 'Firm', H39 => 'Other', H4 => 'Publicly Provided Goods', H40 => 'General', H41 => 'Public Goods', H42 => 'Publicly Provided Private Goods', H43 => 'Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate', H49 => 'Other', H5 => 'National Government Expenditures and Related Policies', H50 => 'General', H51 => 'Government Expenditures and Health', H52 => 'Government Expenditures and Education', H53 => 'Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs', H54 => 'Infrastructures', H55 => 'Social Security and Public Pensions', H56 => 'National Security and War', H57 => 'Procurement', H59 => 'Other', H6 => 'National Budget, Deficit, and Debt', H60 => 'General', H61 => 'Budget; Budget Systems', H62 => 'Deficit', H63 => 'Debt; Debt Management', H69 => 'Other', H7 => 'State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations', H70 => 'General', H71 => 'State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue', H72 => 'State and Local Budget and Expenditures', H73 => 'Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects', H74 => 'State and Local Borrowing', H77 => 'Intergovernmental Relations', H79 => 'Other', H8 => 'Miscellaneous Issues', H80 => 'General', H81 => 'Governmental Loans and Credits', H82 => 'Governmental Property', H87 => 'International Fiscal Issues', H89 => 'Other', I => 'Health, Education, and Welfare', I00 => '- General', I1 => 'Health', I10 => 'General', I11 => 'Analysis of Health Care Markets', I12 => 'Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Disability, and Economic Behavior', I18 => 'Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health', I19 => 'Other', I2 => 'Education', I20 => 'General', I21 => 'Analysis of Education', I22 => 'Educational Finance', I28 => 'Government Policy', I29 => 'Other', I3 => 'Welfare and Poverty', I30 => 'General', I31 => 'General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life', I32 => 'Measurement and Analysis of Poverty', I38 => 'Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs', I39 => 'Other', J => 'Labor and Demographic Economics', J00 => 'General', J1 => 'Demographic Economics', J10 => 'General', J11 => 'Demographic Trends and Forecasts', J12 => 'Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure', J13 => 'Fertility; Child Care; Children', J14 => 'Economics of the Elderly', J15 => 'Economics of Minorities', J16 => 'Economics of Gender', J17 => 'Value of Life; Foregone Income', J18 => 'Public Policy', J19 => 'Other', J2 => 'Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination', J20 => 'General', J21 => 'Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure', J22 => 'Time Allocation and Labor Supply', J23 => 'Employment Determination; Demand for Labor; Self-employment', J24 => 'Human Capital Formation; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity', J26 => 'Retirement; Retirement Policies', J28 => 'Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy', J29 => 'Other', J3 => 'Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs', J30 => 'General', J31 => 'Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.', J32 => 'Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits', J33 => 'Compensation Packages; Payment Methods', J38 => 'Public Policy', J39 => 'Other', J4 => 'Particular Labor Markets', J40 => 'General', J41 => 'Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets', J42 => 'Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets', J43 => 'Agricultural Labor Markets', J44 => 'Professional Labor Markets and Occupations', J45 => 'Public Sector Labor Markets', J49 => 'Other', J5 => 'Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining', J50 => 'General', J51 => 'Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects', J52 => 'Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation', J53 => 'Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence', J54 => 'Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms', J58 => 'Public Policy', J59 => 'Other', J6 => 'Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies', J60 => 'General', J61 => 'Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers', J62 => 'Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility', J63 => 'Turnover; Vacancies', J64 => 'Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search', J65 => 'Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings', J68 => 'Public Policy', J69 => 'Other', J7 => 'Discrimination', J70 => 'General', J71 => 'Discrimination', J78 => 'Public Policy', J79 => 'Other', K => 'Law and Economics', K00 => '- General', K1 => 'Basic Areas of Law', K10 => 'General', K11 => 'Property Law', K12 => 'Contract Law', K13 => 'Tort Law and Product Liability', K14 => 'Criminal Law', K19 => 'Other', K2 => 'Regulation and Business Law', K20 => 'General', K21 => 'Antitrust Law', K22 => 'Corporation and Securities Law', K23 => 'Regulated Industries and Administrative Law', K29 => 'Other', K3 => 'Other Substantive Areas of Law', K30 => 'General', K31 => 'Employment and Discrimination Law', K32 => 'Environmental, Health, and Safety Law', K33 => 'International Law', K34 => 'Tax Law', K39 => 'Other', K4 => 'Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior', K40 => 'General', K41 => 'Litigation Process', K42 => 'Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law', K49 => 'Other', L => 'Industrial Organization', L00 => 'General', L1 => 'Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance', L10 => 'General', L11 => 'Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms', L12 => 'Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies', L13 => 'Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets', L14 => 'Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation', L15 => 'Information and Product Quality', L16 => 'Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics', L19 => 'Other', L2 => 'Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior', L20 => 'General', L21 => 'Business Objectives of the Firm', L22 => 'Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration', L23 => 'Organization of Production', L29 => 'Other', L3 => 'Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise', L30 => 'General', L31 => 'Nonprofit Institutions', L32 => 'Public Enterprises', L33 => 'Boundaries of Public and Private Enterprise; Privatization; Contracting Out', L39 => 'Other', L4 => 'Antitrust Policy', L40 => 'General', L41 => 'Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices', L42 => 'Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts', L43 => 'Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation', L44 => 'Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations', L49 => 'Other', L5 => 'Regulation and Industrial Policy', L50 => 'General', L51 => 'Economics of Regulation', L52 => 'Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods', L59 => 'Other', L6 => 'Industry Studies: Manufacturing', L60 => 'General', L61 => 'Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics', L62 => 'Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment', L63 => 'Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment', L64 => 'Other Machinery; Business Equipment', L65 => 'Chemicals; Drugs', L66 => 'Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco', L67 => 'Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather', L68 => 'Appliances; Other Consumer Durables', L69 => 'Other', L7 => 'Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction', L70 => 'General', L71 => 'Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels', L72 => 'Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources', L73 => 'Forest Products: Lumber and Paper', L74 => 'Construction', L79 => 'Other', L8 => 'Industry Studies: Services', L80 => 'General', L81 => 'Retail and Wholesale Trade', L82 => 'Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)', L83 => 'Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism', L84 => 'Personal and Professional Services', L85 => 'Real Estate Services', L86 => 'Information Services; Computer Software', L89 => 'Other', L9 => 'Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities', L90 => 'General', L91 => 'Transportation: General', L92 => 'Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers', L93 => 'Air Transportation', L94 => 'Electric Utilities', L95 => 'Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities', L96 => 'Telecommunications', L98 => 'Government Policy', L99 => 'Other', M => 'Business Administration and Business Economics Marketing; Accounting', M00 => 'General', M1 => 'Business Administration', M10 => 'General', M11 => 'Production Management', M12 => 'Personnel Management', M13 => 'Entrepreneurship', M14 => 'Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility', M19 => 'Other', M2 => 'Business Economics', M20 => 'General', M21 => 'Business Economics', M29 => 'Other', M3 => 'Marketing and Advertising', M30 => 'General', M31 => 'Marketing', M37 => 'Advertising', M39 => 'Other', M4 => 'Accounting', M40 => 'General', M41 => 'Accounting', M49 => 'Other', N => 'Economic History', N00 => '- General', N01 => 'Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods', N1 => 'Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations', N10 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N11 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N12 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N13 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N14 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N15 => 'Asia including Middle East', N16 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N17 => 'Africa; Oceania', N2 => 'Financial Markets and Institutions', N20 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N21 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N22 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N23 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N24 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N25 => 'Asia including Middle East', N26 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N27 => 'Africa; Oceania', N3 => 'Labor, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth', N30 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N31 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N32 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N33 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N34 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N35 => 'Asia including Middle East', N36 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N37 => 'Africa; Oceania', N4 => 'Government, War, Law, and Regulation', N40 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N41 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N42 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N43 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N44 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N45 => 'Asia including Middle East', N46 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N47 => 'Africa; Oceania', N5 => 'Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Extractive Industries', N50 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N51 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N52 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N53 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N54 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N55 => 'Asia including Middle East', N56 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N57 => 'Africa; Oceania', N6 => 'Manufacturing and Construction', N60 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N61 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N62 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N63 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N64 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N65 => 'Asia including Middle East', N66 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N67 => 'Africa; Oceania', N7 => 'Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, and Other Services', N70 => 'General, International, or Comparative', N71 => 'U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913', N72 => 'U.S.; Canada: 1913-71', N73 => 'Europe: Pre-1913', N74 => 'Europe: 1913-71', N75 => 'Asia including Middle East', N76 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', N77 => 'Africa; Oceania', O => 'Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth', O00 => 'General', O1 => 'Economic Development', O10 => 'General', O11 => 'Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development', O12 => 'Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development', O13 => 'Agriculture; Natural Resources; Other Primary Products', O14 => 'Industrialization; Choice of Technology', O15 => 'Human Resources; Income Distribution; Migration', O16 => 'Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment', O17 => 'Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements', O18 => 'Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses', O19 => 'International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations', O2 => 'Development Planning and Policy', O20 => 'General', O21 => 'Planning Models; Planning Policy', O22 => 'Project Analysis', O23 => 'Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development', O29 => 'Other', O3 => 'Technological Change', O30 => 'General', O31 => 'Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives', O32 => 'Management of Technological Innovation and R&D', O33 => 'Technological Change: Choices and Consequences', O34 => 'Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues', O38 => 'Government Policy', O39 => 'Other', O4 => 'Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity', O40 => 'General', O41 => 'One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models', O42 => 'Monetary Growth Models', O47 => 'Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity', O49 => 'Other', O5 => 'Economywide Country Studies', O50 => 'General', O51 => 'U.S.; Canada', O52 => 'Europe', O53 => 'Asia including Middle East', O54 => 'Latin America; Caribbean', O55 => 'Africa', O56 => 'Oceania', O57 => 'Comparative Studies of Countries', P => 'Economic Systems', P00 => 'General', P1 => 'Capitalist Systems', P10 => 'General', P11 => 'Planning, Coordination, and Reform', P12 => 'Capitalist Enterprises', P13 => 'Cooperative Enterprises', P16 => 'Political Economy of Capitalism', P17 => 'Performance and Prospects', P19 => 'Other', P2 => 'Socialist Systems', P20 => 'General', P21 => 'Planning, Coordination, and Reform', P22 => 'Prices', P23 => 'Factor and Product Markets', P24 => 'Income Measurement and Growth', P26 => 'Political Economy of Socialism', P27 => 'Performance and Prospects', P29 => 'Other', P3 => 'Socialist Institutions', P30 => 'General', P31 => 'Socialist Enterprises', P32 => 'Collectives; Communes', P33 => 'Foreign Trade and Investment', P34 => 'Finance', P35 => 'Public Finance', P39 => 'Other', P4 => 'Other Economic Systems', P40 => 'General', P41 => 'Planning, Coordination, and Reform', P42 => 'Productive Enterprises', P43 => 'Finance', P47 => 'Performance and Prospects', P49 => 'Other', P5 => 'Comparative Economic Systems', P50 => 'General', P51 => 'Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems', P52 => 'Comparative Studies of Particular Economies', P59 => 'Other ', Q => 'Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics', Q00 => 'General', Q1 => 'Agriculture', Q10 => 'General', Q11 => 'Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices', Q12 => 'Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets', Q13 => 'Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness', Q14 => 'Agricultural Finance', Q15 => 'Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation', Q16 => 'R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services', Q17 => 'Agriculture in International Trade', Q18 => 'Agricultural Policy; Food Policy', Q19 => 'Other', Q2 => 'Renewable Resources and Conservation; Environmental Management', Q20 => 'General', Q21 => 'Demand and Supply', Q22 => 'Fishery', Q23 => 'Forestry', Q24 => 'Land', Q25 => 'Water; Air', Q26 => 'Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources', Q28 => 'Government Policy', Q29 => 'Other', Q3 => 'Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation', Q30 => 'General', Q31 => 'Demand and Supply', Q32 => 'Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development', Q33 => 'Resource Booms', Q38 => 'Government Policy', Q39 => 'Other', Q4 => 'Energy', Q40 => 'General', Q41 => 'Demand and Supply', Q42 => 'Alternative Energy Sources', Q43 => 'Energy and the Macroeconomy', Q48 => 'Government Policy', Q49 => 'Other', R => 'Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics', R00 => 'General', R1 => 'General Spatial Economics', R10 => 'General', R11 => 'Analysis of Growth, Development, and Changes', R12 => 'Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity', R13 => 'General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies', R14 => 'Land Use Patterns', R15 => 'Econometric and Input-Output Models', R19 => 'Other', R2 => 'Household Analysis', R20 => 'General', R21 => 'Housing Demand', R22 => 'Other Demand', R23 => 'Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets and Population', R29 => 'Other', R3 => 'Production Analysis and Firm Location', R30 => 'General', R31 => 'Housing Supply and Markets', R32 => 'Other Production and Pricing Analysis', R33 => 'Nonagricultural Land Pricing', R34 => 'Input Demand Analysis', R38 => 'Government Policies; Regulatory Policies', R39 => 'Other', R4 => 'Transportation Systems', R40 => 'General', R41 => 'Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion', R42 => 'Government and Private Investment Analysis', R48 => 'Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies', R49 => 'Other', R5 => 'Regional Government Analysis', R50 => 'General', R51 => 'Finance in Urban and Rural Economies', R52 => 'Land Use and Other Regulations', R53 => 'Public Facility Location Analysis', R58 => 'Regional Development Policy', R59 => 'Other', Z => 'Other Special Topics', Z00 => 'General', Z1 => 'Cultural Economics', Z10 => 'General', ); 1;